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Where Christians Got the Idea of Hell: The Influence of Zoroastrianism on Christianity


Zoroastrianism duality

Zoroastrianism, one of the world’s oldest monotheistic religions, has not only shaped the spiritual landscape of ancient Persia but has also left an indelible mark on other major world religions, including Christianity. Understanding the rich history of Zoroastrianism and its theological contributions provides valuable insights into the development of religious thought and practices that continue to influence contemporary faith traditions.


Origins of Zoroastrianism


Zoroastrianism was founded by the prophet Zoroaster (or Zarathustra) in ancient Persia, around the 6th century BCE (some sources claim it was earlier). Zoroaster's teachings centred on the worship of Ahura Mazda, the supreme god of wisdom and light, and emphasised a dualistic cosmology of good and evil. This dualism is a fundamental aspect of Zoroastrian theology, positing a cosmic struggle between the benevolent deity Ahura Mazda and the malevolent spirit Angra Mainyu (Ahriman).


Key Concepts in Zoroastrianism


1. Dualism: The belief in the constant battle between good (Ahura Mazda) and evil (Angra Mainyu) permeates Zoroastrian theology. This cosmic struggle is reflected in the moral choices of individuals, who are encouraged to follow the path of Asha (truth and order) against the forces of Druj (deceit and chaos).


2. Heaven and Hell: Zoroastrian eschatology introduced detailed descriptions of the afterlife, where souls are judged based on their deeds. The righteous are rewarded with eternal bliss in heaven, while the wicked are condemned to suffer in hell, often depicted as a place of eternal fire and torment.


3. Messianism: Zoroastrianism also holds the belief in a future saviour, the Saoshyant, who will lead the forces of good to ultimate victory over evil, bringing about the final renovation of the world (Frashokereti) and the resurrection of the dead.


Influence on Judaism


Zoroastrianism's influence extended to Judaism during the Babylonian Exile (6th century BCE), when many Jewish leaders and scholars were exposed to Persian religious ideas. This period saw the incorporation of several Zoroastrian concepts into Jewish theology, including the ideas of an angelic hierarchy, the dualistic struggle between good and evil, and the development of an apocalyptic vision of the end times.


The Concept of Hell in Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Christianity


One of the most significant contributions of Zoroastrianism to Christian theology is the concept of hell as a place of eternal punishment. In Zoroastrian eschatology, the wicked are condemned to a hell where they endure eternal suffering in a lake of molten metal. This imagery of an infernal hell with perpetual fire was relatively novel and had a substantial impact on Christian thought.


Prior to this influence, Jewish and Greek conceptions of the afterlife did not include the idea of eternal burning fires. In early Jewish thought, Sheol was a shadowy place where all the dead resided, not a place of punishment or reward. Similarly, the Greek underworld, Hades, was a neutral place where souls existed without the stark dichotomy of heaven and hell.


The incorporation of Zoroastrian elements into Christian eschatology provided a more vivid and morally charged vision of the afterlife. This transformation can be seen in the New Testament, where the concept of Gehenna, a place of fire and torment, emerges as a significant aspect of Christian doctrine about the fate of the wicked.


The Cosmic Struggle


The dualistic worldview of Zoroastrianism, with its ongoing battle between good and evil, influenced early Christian theology's emphasis on the struggle between God and Satan. The New Testament reflects this influence, portraying a cosmic conflict between divine and demonic forces, culminating in the ultimate triumph of good.


Early Christian Theologians Influenced by Zoroastrianism


The influence of Zoroastrianism on Christianity is further exemplified by early Christian theologians who engaged with Zoroastrian and Manichaean ideas. Mani, the founder of Manichaeism, synthesised elements of Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Buddhism into his teachings. Mani's dualistic vision and emphasis on the struggle between light and darkness had a significant impact on early Christian thought.


St. Augustine, one of the most influential Christian theologians, was initially a follower of Manichaeism before converting to Christianity. His writings reflect the struggle between light and darkness, a central theme in both Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism. Augustine's later works, which articulate Christian doctrines of original sin and the conflict between good and evil, bear the imprint of his Manichaean background.


Other notable early Christians who were part of Mani's cult include Faustus of Mileve, a prominent Manichaean bishop and teacher. These figures illustrate the deep interconnections between these ancient faiths and their lasting influence on Christian theology.


Becoming a Zoroastrian


Traditionally, Zoroastrianism is not a proselytising religion, and conversion is rare, often requiring acceptance by the community. However, for those interested in becoming Zoroastrian, the process typically begins with studying the sacred texts, such as the Avesta, and learning about the dualistic cosmology, moral code, and rituals central to the faith. Potential converts might seek guidance from a Zoroastrian priest or community leaders and participate in key rituals, including the Navjote ceremony, which formally initiates individuals into the faith. Embracing the principles of good thoughts, good words, and good deeds, and actively participating in community events and traditions, is crucial.


Notable Zoroastrians


Throughout history, several notable individuals have been Zoroastrians, contributing to various fields and cultures. Some famous Zoroastrians include:


  • Freddie Mercury: The legendary lead singer of the rock band Queen was born Farrokh Bulsara in Zanzibar to Parsi parents, practicing Zoroastrians from India.

  • Zubin Mehta: An internationally renowned conductor, Mehta was born in Mumbai to a Parsi family and has led some of the world's most prestigious orchestras.

  • Rohinton Mistry: A celebrated author, Mistry's works often explore the Parsi Zoroastrian community's life and challenges in modern India.


In Australia, notable Zoroastrians include:


  • Homi K. Bhabha: Although primarily based in India, Bhabha, a prominent physicist and a pioneer in atomic energy research, had significant ties with the global Zoroastrian community, including Australia.

  • Persis Ginwalla: An active member of the Australian Zoroastrian community, Ginwalla has been instrumental in promoting Zoroastrian culture and heritage through various initiatives and community activities.


The Zoroastrian Community in Australia Today


Today, the Zoroastrian community in Australia continues to uphold its rich cultural and religious heritage. Despite their relatively small numbers, Australian Zoroastrians actively engage in preserving their traditions, including the celebration of festivals such as Nowruz (the Persian New Year) and Gahambars (seasonal festivals). Community centres and organisations play a crucial role in maintaining religious practices, cultural education, and community cohesion.


How to Become a Zoroastrian


Becoming a Zoroastrian typically involves a deep commitment to understanding and practicing the core tenets of the faith. Traditionally, Zoroastrianism is not a proselytising religion, and conversion is rare, often requiring acceptance by the community. For those interested, the process usually begins with studying the sacred texts, such as the Avesta, and learning about the dualistic cosmology, moral code, and rituals central to Zoroastrianism. Potential converts might seek guidance from a Zoroastrian priest or community leaders and participate in key rituals, including the Navjote ceremony, which formally initiates individuals into the faith. It's important to embrace the principles of good thoughts, good words, and good deeds, and to actively participate in community events and traditions.


Conclusion


The Zoroastrian community in Australia, with its rich heritage and historical significance, adds a unique thread to the tapestry of Australia's multicultural society. Their influence on early Christianity and the preservation of ancient traditions highlight the enduring legacy of Zoroastrianism in the modern world.


Zoroastrianism's contributions to Christian theology, particularly the vivid imagery of heaven and hell and the cosmic struggle between good and evil, underscore the profound impact that this ancient religion has had on the theological and moral landscapes of subsequent faiths. By exploring these historical connections, we gain a deeper appreciation for the diverse cultural and religious influences that continue to shape our global society today.


Zoroastrianism is considered to be a low control group when assessed by Renée's Cult Ranking System. Its overall rank is 3 which indicates it has some cultic features but is general considered harmless.

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